diff --git a/ingestion/internal/wing/backtest.go b/ingestion/internal/wing/backtest.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f334251
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ingestion/internal/wing/backtest.go
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package wing
+
+// Sample is one backtest observation: the human-decided wing of an existing
+// page, and what the two independent opinions said about it with the wing
+// label removed.
+type Sample struct {
+	Truth      string
+	Suggested  string // classifier's wing, "" if it abstained or failed
+	Confidence float64
+	ScorerTop  string // scorer's single best wing, "" if no clear opinion
+}
+
+// Result is the policy outcome at one threshold.
+type Result struct {
+	N         int
+	Auto      int     // placed without a human
+	Correct   int     // of Auto, matching Truth
+	Coverage  float64 // Auto / N
+	Precision float64 // Correct / Auto; 0 when Auto == 0
+}
+
+// Evaluate applies the Resolver's classified-path rule (confident, and the
+// scorer agrees) to recorded samples. Eligibility is not modelled: callers
+// backtest only on wings they would allow.
+func Evaluate(samples []Sample, threshold float64) Result {
+	r := Result{N: len(samples)}
+	for _, s := range samples {
+		if s.Suggested == "" || s.Confidence < threshold || s.ScorerTop != s.Suggested {
+			continue
+		}
+		r.Auto++
+		if s.Suggested == s.Truth {
+			r.Correct++
+		}
+	}
+	if r.N > 0 {
+		r.Coverage = float64(r.Auto) / float64(r.N)
+	}
+	if r.Auto > 0 {
+		r.Precision = float64(r.Correct) / float64(r.Auto)
+	}
+	return r
+}
diff --git a/ingestion/internal/wing/backtest_test.go b/ingestion/internal/wing/backtest_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88ebc90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ingestion/internal/wing/backtest_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package wing_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+
+	"github.com/mathiasbq/hyperguild/ingestion/internal/wing"
+)
+
+func TestEvaluate_PolicyAtAThreshold(t *testing.T) {
+	samples := []wing.Sample{
+		{Truth: "a", Suggested: "a", Confidence: 0.9, ScorerTop: "a"},  // auto, correct
+		{Truth: "a", Suggested: "b", Confidence: 0.9, ScorerTop: "b"},  // auto, WRONG (both models agree on a wrong wing)
+		{Truth: "a", Suggested: "a", Confidence: 0.5, ScorerTop: "a"},  // below threshold -> exception
+		{Truth: "a", Suggested: "a", Confidence: 0.95, ScorerTop: "b"}, // scorer disagrees -> exception
+		{Truth: "a", Suggested: "", Confidence: 0.99, ScorerTop: "a"},  // abstain -> exception
+	}
+	r := wing.Evaluate(samples, 0.8)
+	assert.Equal(t, 5, r.N)
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, r.Auto)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, r.Correct)
+	assert.InDelta(t, 0.4, r.Coverage, 1e-9)
+	assert.InDelta(t, 0.5, r.Precision, 1e-9)
+}
+
+func TestEvaluate_NothingAutoHasZeroPrecisionNotNaN(t *testing.T) {
+	r := wing.Evaluate([]wing.Sample{{Truth: "a", Suggested: "a", Confidence: 0.1, ScorerTop: "a"}}, 0.8)
+	assert.Zero(t, r.Auto)
+	assert.Zero(t, r.Precision)
+	assert.Zero(t, r.Coverage)
+}
+
+func TestEvaluate_EmptyInput(t *testing.T) {
+	r := wing.Evaluate(nil, 0.8)
+	assert.Zero(t, r.N)
+	assert.Zero(t, r.Coverage)
+}
diff --git a/ingestion/internal/wing/resolve.go b/ingestion/internal/wing/resolve.go
index 1dd35a2..646ed19 100644
--- a/ingestion/internal/wing/resolve.go
+++ b/ingestion/internal/wing/resolve.go
@@ -147,8 +147,15 @@ func (r Resolver) scorerTop(text string) (string, bool) {
 	if r.Scorer == nil {
 		return "", false
 	}
+	return TopWing(r.Scorer.Score(text))
+}
+
+// TopWing returns the unique highest-scoring wing in scores, or false when
+// there is none or the top is tied. Shared by the Resolver and the backtest so
+// both apply the same notion of "the scorer has an opinion".
+func TopWing(scores map[string]float64) (string, bool) {
 	best, bestScore, tied := "", 0.0, false
-	for k, v := range r.Scorer.Score(text) {
+	for k, v := range scores {
 		switch {
 		case v > bestScore:
 			best, bestScore, tied = norm(k), v, false