feat(youtube): process-wide caption-fetch rate gate (ADR-014 item 2)

ADR-014 item 2 — a single per-egress-IP rate gate shared by every caption
fetch — was specced but only per-video backoff (rate_limited_at) shipped.
Build the real gate now: it is load-bearing once ADR-018 puts auto-summarize
on an in-process schedule across multiple users (all fetches leave one pod's
egress IP, concurrently with live "Summarize" clicks — without a shared gate
that self-inflicts 429s every cycle).

globalFetchGate (golang.org/x/time/rate, default 2s/req burst 1) is consulted
in httpDo before every live outbound fetch — player, watch-page, timedtext —
so the scheduler runners and the web click-path serialise through one limiter
regardless of how many users/goroutines are upstream. The test seam
(a.transport != nil) skips the gate so fakes are not throttled.

TAPIR_FETCH_RATE (Go duration, default 2s, 0 = unlimited) wires SetFetchRate in
cmdRun; the existing per-video backoff stays as the complementary 429 handler.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

go.sum

@@ -101,6 +101,8 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.41.0 h1:Ivj+2Cp/ylzLiEU89QhWblYnOE9zerudt9Ftecq2C6k=
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 golang.org/x/text v0.31.0 h1:aC8ghyu4JhP8VojJ2lEHBnochRno1sgL6nEi9WGFGMM=
 golang.org/x/text v0.31.0/go.mod h1:tKRAlv61yKIjGGHX/4tP1LTbc13YSec1pxVEWXzfoeM=
+golang.org/x/time v0.15.0 h1:bbrp8t3bGUeFOx08pvsMYRTCVSMk89u4tKbNOZbp88U=
+golang.org/x/time v0.15.0/go.mod h1:Y4YMaQmXwGQZoFaVFk4YpCt4FLQMYKZe9oeV/f4MSno=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c/go.mod h1:JHkPIbrfpd72SG/EVd6muEfDQjcINNoR0C8j2r3qZ4Q=