feat(web): "Retrying later" badge for rate-limited videos

A discovered-but-unsummarized video whose caption fetch was rate-limited now
shows a passive ⏳ "Retrying later" chip (dim CharmDim styling, not the accent)
instead of the Summarize button — the user cannot fix a 429, the runner retries
automatically once the backoff window expires. Regenerated views_templ.go.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

.env.example

@@ -46,3 +46,8 @@ TAPIR_SECRETS_FILE=
 # --- run loop -------------------------------------------------------------
 # Empty/0 = single pass. Set (e.g. 15m) to poll on that cadence.
 TAPIR_POLL_INTERVAL=
+# How long to wait before re-fetching a transcript that returned HTTP 429
+# (rate_limited). Inside the window the video is skipped without hitting the
+# caption endpoint; after it expires the video is retried. 0 = always retry.
+# Go duration; default 1h.
+TAPIR_FETCH_BACKOFF=

DECISIONS.md

@@ -388,6 +388,107 @@ the rate gate (the batch path moves into k3s per the deferred CronJob item).
 
 ---
 
+## ADR-015 — Per-user credentials: envelope-encrypted in PG18, not vault-stored
+
+**Status:** Accepted (2026-06-03)
+
+**Context.** The Stage-0/1 SecretStore (`internal/adapters/secrets/file.go`) holds per-user
+YouTube OAuth refresh tokens as a flat key-value JSON map on a PVC — explicitly a stand-in for
+"op/ESO later" (ADR-002, ADR-006). infra#86 proposed migrating it to an ESO-backed store. The
+decision spike (infra#88) found that framing subtly wrong: **ESO syncs vault→cluster at
+deploy/refresh time; it is not a runtime write API.** Per-user tokens are written *at runtime,
+per end-user* (every YouTube connect; on token rotation) — they are application state, not
+configuration. The homelab 1Password SA is also read-only, so a vault-write path would require
+a new write-capable SA, widening Tapir's blast radius to shared estate infra to store what is
+fundamentally Tapir's own row-data. Reading the actual SecretStore confirmed the shape: a
+3-method port (`Get`/`Put`/`Delete`) over opaque refs, written interactively per user.
+
+**Decision.** Per-user credentials are stored **envelope-encrypted in PG18**, not in the vault:
+
+1. Tokens are encrypted with a **single app-level envelope key** and stored as ciphertext in
+   PG18, under the Row-Level Security already enforced and tested (ADR-012). Reads/writes go
+   through the existing `withUser` RLS-scoped seam.
+2. The **envelope key** is the only secret in 1Password — fetched via the **existing read-only
+   SA** (confirmed working). No new write-capable SA; no per-user vault items.
+3. The `ports.SecretStore` port is unchanged (`Get`/`Put`/`Delete`). The implementation swaps
+   `FileStore` (PVC JSON) for a `PGStore` (encrypted rows). Every consumer — connect,
+   disconnect, delete-account — is untouched (the port abstraction holds, ADR-003 spirit).
+4. **Infra/operator credentials** (Dex client secret, MCP-auth tokens, service tokens) stay an
+   **ESO/1Password** concern. This ADR governs *per-user runtime* credentials only. The two
+   classes use two mechanisms deliberately — because they are two different things (runtime
+   app-state vs deploy-time config), not as a compromise. The "one mechanism" question
+   (maintainer's initial preference) was answered in #88 by correctly *classifying* the
+   secrets rather than unifying their storage.
+
+**Consequences.**
+- Runtime credential writes are normal RLS'd DB writes — no ESO sync latency, no indirection,
+  no write-SA blast radius. The interactive connect→store→use flow works without a vault
+  round-trip.
+- Keeps PG18 and keeps ADR-002 intact (Supabase was considered and rejected again in #88 —
+  adding a datastore to hold a few encrypted strings PG18 already holds).
+- Adds an encrypt/decrypt seam and an **envelope-key rotation** responsibility (re-encrypt the
+  per-user rows under a new key). infra#89 (build) must implement and test rotation, not assume
+  it — this is the real engineering cost of the choice.
+- The vault's involvement shrinks to one static key via the SA already trusted for reads.
+- **Supersedes** the "PVC stand-in for op/ESO" intent recorded in `secrets/file.go` and
+  `docs/homelab-integration.md` for the *per-user* secret path (the ESO/1Password reference in
+  ADR-006 stands for the *infra-cred* path).
+
+**Reversibility / falsification (from infra#88).** Revisit if: per-user tokens need
+high-frequency rotation writes (weak — PG18 handles it); an estate compliance policy requires
+all credentials in 1P for a single audit surface (maintainer-knowable, not currently believed
+to hold — would favour the vault-write path on policy grounds); or envelope-key rotation proves
+operationally worse than per-secret vault rotation (the real cost #89 must prove). If none hold,
+this stands. Full reasoning + rejected candidates (write-capable SA; Supabase): the infra#88
+decision doc (`infra/docs/superpowers/handoffs/`). Build + reboot-validation: infra#89.
+
+---
+
+## ADR-016 — Stage 0 gate revised: "useful to me OR a friend", behavioural not feedback
+
+**Status:** Accepted (2026-06-03). Revises the Stage 0 definition in VISION.md (supersedes the
+original "useful to me, specifically" gate and folds in the old Stage 1 "a trusted user returns"
+test).
+
+**Context.** The original Stage 0 gate was "the maintainer reads summaries weekly for four weeks
+and acts on one." The maintainer chose to change it to include friendly users, reasoning that
+early signal from friendly users is valuable. Two sub-decisions shaped the final form:
+- *Me OR a friend* (not AND): either the maintainer or an onboarded friend showing use clears it.
+- *Behavioural, not feedback*: the test is **return usage**, not stated approval.
+
+**Decision.** Stage 0 passes when, over a 3–4 week window, **either the maintainer or at least
+one onboarded friend returns to Tapir unprompted and reads/acts on summaries in ≥2 separate
+weeks.** Friend feedback is gathered and valued but is **not** the gate.
+
+**Why behavioural, not feedback (the load-bearing part).** Asked-for feedback from friendly
+users is the least reliable signal in product development — politeness bias means a friend you
+onboarded will tend to say encouraging things regardless of real value. The thing actually worth
+knowing is whether they *come back on their own*. So the gate measures returns, not nice words.
+This deliberately resists the most common way a principled gate dies: being declared "passed" on
+the strength of a polite reaction.
+
+**Honest note on what this change does.** This is a *guardrail edit made while the original gate
+was unmet* (Stage 0 had barely started; build had run well ahead of use-evidence). That is
+precisely the pattern that warrants scrutiny — redrawing a gate around work already done. It was
+examined on that basis and proceeds because: (a) the new gate is **not softer in kind** — it
+stays behavioural and sustained, merely broadening *who* can supply the signal; (b) friendly-user
+signal is genuinely valuable; (c) the politeness-bias guard keeps it from collapsing into
+"someone said it's nice." It is *not* a licence to treat the already-shipped Stage-1 machinery as
+evidence the gate passed — use-evidence remains open.
+
+**Consequences.**
+- VISION.md Stage 0 rewritten; old Stage 1 ("a trusted user returns") folded in (it was
+  near-identical to the new test); hardening renumbered to Stage 1.
+- New drift signal added: declaring the gate passed on polite feedback rather than return-usage.
+- The 2026-07-01 check-in now asks "is anyone (me or a friend) coming back unprompted?", not
+  "am I using it weekly?".
+
+**Reversibility.** A superseding ADR could tighten it back to maintainer-only or raise it to
+require multiple returning users. Recorded with the full rationale (including the self-scrutiny
+about editing a gate while it's unmet) so the reasoning survives, not just the new wording.
+
+---
+
 ## Rejected alternatives
 
 Approaches considered during the 2026-06-02 planning + grill session and **deliberately not
@@ -406,6 +507,9 @@ maps to the ADR that settles it.
 | Audio-download + Whisper STT in the core path | ToS-grey, breakage-prone (yt-dlp), contends for koala GPU with the JEPA PoC; captions alone test the core hypothesis | ADR-007 |
 | Building multi-tenant SaaS / Google OAuth verification now | "Real users soon" was lowered to Future B; SaaS machinery before the Stage 0 self-use gate is the primary documented anti-goal | ADR-008, VISION |
 | Delegating the S5 reuse spike to an agent swarm | A 1-hour sequential read-and-judge with a single coupled conclusion; orchestration overhead exceeds the work, and it's Diamond-1 judgment the maintainer wanted to own | (process note) |
+| Vault-write SA for per-user OAuth tokens (ESO as runtime write path) | ESO syncs vault→cluster at deploy time, not a runtime write API; a write-SA widens blast radius to shared infra to store app row-data | ADR-015, infra#88 |
+| Supabase for per-user credential storage | Adds a second datastore for a few encrypted strings PG18 already holds; reopens ADR-002 | ADR-015, infra#88 |
+| Feedback-based Stage 0 gate (friends saying it's useful) | Politeness bias makes asked-for feedback the least reliable signal; return-usage is the real test | ADR-016 |
 
 If a future case genuinely reopens one of these, that's a new ADR superseding the relevant one —
 not a silent reversal.

VISION.md

@@ -44,50 +44,54 @@ fallback — their key, their choice.
 
 ## Who it is for
 
-- **Now (the first customer):** the maintainer — one person, their own subscriptions,
+- **Now (the first customers):** the maintainer and a small number of known, trusted
-  summaries delivered to their own store and brain.
+  friends — each with their own account, isolated data, optional BYO-AI. The maintainer is
-- **Soon (Future B):** a small number of known, trusted users (friends / beta) — each with
+  the first customer; friendly users provide the earliest real-world signal.
-  their own account, isolated data, optional BYO-AI.
 - **Maybe (Future C, explicitly not built yet):** a public multi-tenant service. Deferred
-  until there is evidence of sustained personal use **and** real demand. Building for C
+  until there is evidence of sustained use **and** real demand. Building for C before that
-  before that evidence is a known anti-goal.
+  evidence is a known anti-goal.
 
 ## Definition of Success
 
 Success is staged. Each stage has a single, falsifiable headline test. We do not advance
 to the next stage's ambition until the current stage's test passes.
 
-### Stage 0 — Useful to me (the gate)
+### Stage 0 — Useful to me or a friend (the gate)
 
-> **Headline test:** For four consecutive weeks, the maintainer reads Tapir-produced
+> **Headline test:** Over a 3–4 week window, *either* the maintainer *or* at least one
-> summaries for their own subscriptions at least weekly, and at least once acts on a
+> onboarded friend returns to Tapir **unprompted** and reads/acts on summaries in **≥2
-> summary (watches / skips / saves a video *because of* the summary).
+> separate weeks**. The test is *return usage* (behavioural), not stated approval.
 
-- Captions-first summarization works end-to-end for the maintainer's real subscriptions.
+- Captions-first summarization works end-to-end for real subscriptions (the maintainer's
-- Summaries land in the maintainer's store and (optionally) brain.
+  and onboarded friends').
+- Summaries land in each user's own store and (optionally) brain.
 - Local-first AI produces summaries of acceptable quality without manual intervention
   most of the time.
-- **This is the gate.** Multi-user, BYO-AI-for-others, and any SaaS ambition stay deferred
+- **Why behavioural, not feedback.** Friend *feedback* is gathered and genuinely valuable —
-  until Stage 0 holds. (Ties to the 2026-07-01 self-use check-in.)
+  but it is **not** the gate. Asked-for feedback from friendly users is the least reliable
+  signal in product development (politeness bias); whether they *come back on their own* is
+  the thing we actually care about. So the gate measures returns, not nice words.
+- **Why "me OR a friend".** This replaces the original "useful to *me*, specifically" gate
+  (2026-06-03 decision, recorded in DECISIONS.md ADR-016). Getting signal from friendly
+  users is valuable enough to count — but the bar stays behavioural so it can't be cleared
+  by a polite reaction. (Ties to the 2026-07-01 check-in.)
+- **This is the gate.** Hardening (Stage 1) and any SaaS ambition stay deferred until this
+  behavioural signal exists. Note: multi-user machinery was deliberately built *ahead* of
+  this gate (ADR-012) with isolation enforced — that was an explicit, recorded call, not a
+  sign the gate had passed. The gate is about *evidence of use*, which is still open.
 
-### Stage 1 — Useful to a few (Future B)
+### Stage 1 — Trustworthy at rest (hardening, Future B)
-
-> **Headline test:** At least one trusted user other than the maintainer connects their
-> own account and, within their first month, keeps using it (returns to read summaries in
-> ≥2 separate weeks) without the maintainer hand-holding each summary.
-
-- Multiple users, each with isolated accounts, credentials, and summaries.
-- A new user can self-connect a YouTube/Vimeo account and get summaries with no code change.
-- Optional BYO-AI works per-user.
-- No cross-user data leakage — demonstrable, not assumed.
-
-### Stage 2 — Trustworthy at rest (hardening, still Future B)
 
 > **Headline test:** Credentials (OAuth tokens, BYO-AI keys) are encrypted at rest via the
 > homelab's existing secrets convention; a documented, rehearsed recovery path exists; and
 > a deliberate isolation test (user A cannot read user B's data) passes in CI or a
 > documented manual drill.
 
+- Per-user data isolation is enforced and tested (delivered early via ADR-012 RLS).
+- Per-user credentials are encrypted at rest (ADR-015 envelope encryption; build in infra#89).
+- A new user can self-connect a YouTube/Vimeo account and get summaries with no code change.
+- Optional BYO-AI works per-user.
+
 ### Non-goals (current)
 
 - Public sign-up / billing / a marketing surface.
@@ -98,7 +102,11 @@ to the next stage's ambition until the current stage's test passes.
 
 ## How we will know we are drifting
 
-- We are building Stage 1+ machinery before the Stage 0 gate has passed.
+- We declare the Stage 0 gate "passed" on the strength of polite feedback rather than
+  behavioural return-usage (the politeness-bias trap the gate is designed to resist).
+- We build Stage 1 hardening or Future C machinery while the Stage 0 use-evidence is still
+  absent. (Multi-user machinery already shipped ahead of the gate via ADR-012 — a recorded,
+  deliberate exception, not a precedent for more.)
 - A user's content reaches a third-party model without that user's explicit, per-user opt-in.
 - "Brain ingestion" starts dictating the architecture instead of being one sink behind an
   interface.

cmd/tapir/main.go

@@ -125,10 +125,10 @@ func cmdRun(ctx context.Context, log *slog.Logger) error {
 	if engine == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("run: incomplete summarization config (gateway, youtube credentials, secrets file)")
 	}
-	r := runner.New(engine.Source, st, engine, cfg.UserID, log)
+	r := runner.New(engine.Source, st, engine, cfg.UserID, log, runner.WithBackoff(cfg.FetchBackoff))
 
 	log.Info("starting run", "user", cfg.UserID, "model", cfg.SummarizerModel,
-		"gateway", cfg.GatewayURL, "poll_interval", cfg.PollInterval)
+		"gateway", cfg.GatewayURL, "poll_interval", cfg.PollInterval, "fetch_backoff", cfg.FetchBackoff)
 	return r.Loop(ctx, cfg.PollInterval)
 }
 

internal/adapters/store/migrations/007_transcript_status.down.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ALTER TABLE videos DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS rate_limited_at;
+ALTER TABLE videos DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS transcript_status;

internal/adapters/store/migrations/007_transcript_status.up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+-- Migration 007: per-video transcript fetch status, for rate-limit backoff.
+--
+-- transcript_status records the outcome of the last transcript attempt:
+--   NULL          = not yet attempted
+--   'none'        = checked, no usable transcript (permanent — SourceNone)
+--   'fetched'     = transcript resolved and summarized (summary_id not null)
+--   'rate_limited'= the caption endpoint returned 429; retry after a backoff window
+--
+-- rate_limited_at stamps WHEN the 429 was seen, so the runner can skip re-fetching
+-- a still-throttled video until NOW() - rate_limited_at exceeds TAPIR_FETCH_BACKOFF.
+-- It is cleared (set NULL) whenever the status moves off 'rate_limited'.
+--
+-- No RLS policy changes needed: videos already has ENABLE + FORCE ROW LEVEL
+-- SECURITY (migration 003) with the videos_isolation policy. New columns inherit
+-- that protection automatically.
+ALTER TABLE videos ADD COLUMN transcript_status TEXT;
+ALTER TABLE videos ADD COLUMN rate_limited_at TIMESTAMPTZ;

internal/adapters/store/reads.go

@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ type SummaryRow struct {
 	// set by the web "Summarize" button and cleared by the next `tapir run`. Only
 	// populated by ListVideos/GetVideoRow (summary-only reads leave it false).
 	SummarizeRequested bool
+	// TranscriptStatus mirrors videos.transcript_status (migration 007): "" (unset),
+	// "none", "rate_limited", or "fetched". Drives the "Retrying later" list badge.
+	// Only populated by ListVideos/GetVideoRow ("" on summary-only reads).
+	TranscriptStatus string
 }
 
 // selectSummary is the shared projection for both reads. videos is LEFT JOINed
@@ -132,7 +136,8 @@ const selectVideo = `
 	       COALESCE(s.fallback_used, FALSE),
 	       COALESCE(s.created_at, v.seen_at),
 	       (s.id IS NOT NULL) AS summarized,
-	       v.summarize_requested
+	       v.summarize_requested,
+	       COALESCE(v.transcript_status, '')
 	  FROM videos v
 	  LEFT JOIN summaries s ON s.video_id = v.id AND s.user_id = v.user_id`
 
@@ -245,6 +250,7 @@ func scanVideoRow(rows pgx.Row) (SummaryRow, error) {
 		&row.CreatedAt,
 		&row.Summarized,
 		&row.SummarizeRequested,
+		&row.TranscriptStatus,
 	); err != nil {
 		return SummaryRow{}, fmt.Errorf("store: scan video: %w", err)
 	}

internal/adapters/store/transcript_status.go

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+package store
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
+)
+
+// validTranscriptStatuses bounds SetTranscriptStatus input. "" clears the status
+// (column NULL); the three named states mirror migration 007's documented values.
+var validTranscriptStatuses = map[string]bool{
+	"":             true,
+	"none":         true,
+	"rate_limited": true,
+	"fetched":      true,
+}
+
+// SetTranscriptStatus records the outcome of the last transcript attempt for a
+// video (migration 007). When status is "rate_limited" it also stamps
+// rate_limited_at = NOW() so the runner can back off; every other status clears
+// that timestamp. "" unsets the status (column NULL). An unknown status is
+// rejected. Scoped via withUser, so RLS confines the UPDATE to the caller's own
+// video; ErrNotFound when the user has no such video.
+func (s *Store) SetTranscriptStatus(ctx context.Context, userID, videoID, status string) error {
+	if !validTranscriptStatuses[status] {
+		return fmt.Errorf("store: invalid transcript status %q", status)
+	}
+	return s.withUser(ctx, userID, func(tx pgx.Tx) error {
+		ct, err := tx.Exec(ctx,
+			`UPDATE videos
+			    SET transcript_status = NULLIF($1, ''),
+			        rate_limited_at = CASE WHEN $1 = 'rate_limited' THEN NOW() ELSE NULL END
+			  WHERE id = $2`,
+			status, videoID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("store: set transcript status: %w", err)
+		}
+		if ct.RowsAffected() == 0 {
+			return ErrNotFound
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
+// GetTranscriptStatus returns a video's transcript_status ("" when unset/NULL).
+// Returns ErrNotFound when the user has no such video. Scoped via withUser.
+func (s *Store) GetTranscriptStatus(ctx context.Context, userID, videoID string) (string, error) {
+	var status string
+	if err := s.withUser(ctx, userID, func(tx pgx.Tx) error {
+		err := tx.QueryRow(ctx,
+			`SELECT COALESCE(transcript_status, '') FROM videos WHERE id = $1`, videoID).Scan(&status)
+		if errors.Is(err, pgx.ErrNoRows) {
+			return ErrNotFound
+		}
+		return err
+	}); err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
+			return "", ErrNotFound
+		}
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("store: get transcript status: %w", err)
+	}
+	return status, nil
+}
+
+// RateLimitedVideoIDs returns the user's videos currently in the "rate_limited"
+// state, mapped to when the 429 was stamped (rate_limited_at). The run loop loads
+// it once per pass (mirroring SeenVideoIDs) to skip re-fetching a video still
+// inside the backoff window, saving caption requests. Scoped by user_id.
+func (s *Store) RateLimitedVideoIDs(ctx context.Context, userID string) (map[string]time.Time, error) {
+	out := make(map[string]time.Time)
+	if err := s.withUser(ctx, userID, func(tx pgx.Tx) error {
+		rows, err := tx.Query(ctx,
+			`SELECT id, rate_limited_at FROM videos
+			  WHERE user_id = $1 AND transcript_status = 'rate_limited' AND rate_limited_at IS NOT NULL`,
+			userID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("store: rate limited video ids: %w", err)
+		}
+		defer rows.Close()
+
+		for rows.Next() {
+			var (
+				id string
+				at time.Time
+			)
+			if err := rows.Scan(&id, &at); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("store: scan rate limited id: %w", err)
+			}
+			out[id] = at
+		}
+		if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("store: iterate rate limited ids: %w", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}

internal/adapters/store/transcript_status_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+package store_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"gitea.d-ma.be/mathias/tapir/internal/adapters/store"
+)
+
+func TestSetTranscriptStatus_RoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	s := newStore(t)
+	resetDB(t, rawPool(t))
+
+	id, err := s.UpsertVideo(ctx, ytVideo(userA, "rt12345", "round trip"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Unset by default.
+	got, err := s.GetTranscriptStatus(ctx, userA, id)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "", got)
+
+	for _, status := range []string{"none", "fetched", "rate_limited", ""} {
+		require.NoError(t, s.SetTranscriptStatus(ctx, userA, id, status))
+		got, err := s.GetTranscriptStatus(ctx, userA, id)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, status, got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSetTranscriptStatus_RejectsInvalid(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	s := newStore(t)
+	resetDB(t, rawPool(t))
+
+	id, err := s.UpsertVideo(ctx, ytVideo(userA, "bad12345", "bad status"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Error(t, s.SetTranscriptStatus(ctx, userA, id, "bogus"))
+
+	// The rejected write left the status untouched.
+	got, err := s.GetTranscriptStatus(ctx, userA, id)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "", got)
+}
+
+func TestSetTranscriptStatus_NotFound(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	s := newStore(t)
+	resetDB(t, rawPool(t))
+
+	require.ErrorIs(t, s.SetTranscriptStatus(ctx, userA, videoX, "fetched"), store.ErrNotFound)
+
+	_, err := s.GetTranscriptStatus(ctx, userA, videoX)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, store.ErrNotFound)
+}
+
+func TestRateLimitedVideoIDs_StampsAndClears(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	s := newStore(t)
+	resetDB(t, rawPool(t))
+
+	id, err := s.UpsertVideo(ctx, ytVideo(userA, "rl12345", "rate limited"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Marking rate_limited stamps rate_limited_at, so the video appears.
+	require.NoError(t, s.SetTranscriptStatus(ctx, userA, id, "rate_limited"))
+	rl, err := s.RateLimitedVideoIDs(ctx, userA)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Contains(t, rl, id)
+	require.False(t, rl[id].IsZero(), "rate_limited_at must be stamped")
+
+	// Moving off rate_limited clears the timestamp, so it drops out.
+	require.NoError(t, s.SetTranscriptStatus(ctx, userA, id, "fetched"))
+	rl, err = s.RateLimitedVideoIDs(ctx, userA)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotContains(t, rl, id)
+}

internal/adapters/youtube/captions.go

@@ -60,6 +60,12 @@ func (a *Adapter) FetchTranscript(ctx context.Context, v domain.Video) (domain.T
 	if err != nil {
 		return domain.Transcript{}, fmt.Errorf("download caption track for %q: %w", v.ProviderVideoID, err)
 	}
+	if status == http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+		// 429 means the IP is rate-limited; record for retry, not a permanent
+		// absence. Degrade gracefully (no error, no text) like SourceNone, but
+		// flag it distinctly so the runner backs off and retries (ADR-007/010).
+		return domain.Transcript{VideoID: v.ID, UserID: v.UserID, Source: domain.SourceRateLimited}, nil
+	}
 	if status != http.StatusOK {
 		// Owner-only 403, region/age gate, or transient unavailability: not an error.
 		return noTranscript(v), nil

internal/adapters/youtube/youtube_test.go

@@ -388,6 +388,37 @@ func TestFetchTranscriptBaseURLForbiddenDegrades(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// A 429 on the baseUrl fetch is the IP being rate-limited, NOT a permanent
+// absence of captions: it returns SourceRateLimited (no error, no text) so the
+// runner can record it and retry after a backoff window rather than recording a
+// false "no transcript".
+func TestFetchTranscriptRateLimitedReturnsSourceRateLimited(t *testing.T) {
+	a, _ := newTestAdapter(t, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		switch r.URL.Path {
+		case "/youtubei/v1/player":
+			base := "http://" + r.Host
+			_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"captions":{"playerCaptionsTracklistRenderer":{"captionTracks":[` +
+				`{"baseUrl":"` + base + `/api/timedtext?lang=en","languageCode":"en"}]}}}`))
+		case "/api/timedtext":
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusTooManyRequests)
+		}
+	})
+
+	tr, err := a.FetchTranscript(context.Background(), domain.Video{ID: "v1", UserID: "u1", ProviderVideoID: "vid1"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("429 on baseUrl must degrade, not error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if tr.Source != domain.SourceRateLimited {
+		t.Fatalf("expected SourceRateLimited on 429, got %q", tr.Source)
+	}
+	if tr.HasText() {
+		t.Error("expected HasText() false for SourceRateLimited")
+	}
+	if tr.Content != "" {
+		t.Errorf("expected empty content on 429, got %q", tr.Content)
+	}
+}
+
 // An empty baseUrl on the selected track degrades to SourceNone, never an error.
 func TestFetchTranscriptEmptyBaseURLDegrades(t *testing.T) {
 	a, _ := newTestAdapter(t, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {

internal/config/config.go

@@ -59,6 +59,12 @@ type Config struct {
 	// PollInterval, when > 0, makes `run` loop on that cadence; 0 means run once.
 	PollInterval time.Duration
 
+	// FetchBackoff is how long the run loop waits before re-fetching a transcript
+	// that previously returned HTTP 429 (rate_limited). Inside the window the video
+	// is skipped without hitting the caption endpoint, saving requests; after it
+	// expires the video is retried. Zero means "always retry" (no backoff).
+	FetchBackoff time.Duration
+
 	// HTTPAddr is the listen address for `tapir serve` (the Stage-0 web UI).
 	HTTPAddr string
 
@@ -85,6 +91,7 @@ const (
 	defaultYTConnectRedirectURL = "https://tapir.d-ma.be/oauth/youtube/callback"
 	defaultOAuthRedirectAddr    = "localhost:8080"
 	defaultHTTPAddr             = ":8080"
+	defaultFetchBackoff         = time.Hour
 )
 
 // Load reads the environment into a Config, applying defaults. It does not
@@ -124,6 +131,12 @@ func Load() (Config, error) {
 	}
 	c.PollInterval = interval
 
+	backoff, err := durationOr("TAPIR_FETCH_BACKOFF", defaultFetchBackoff)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Config{}, err
+	}
+	c.FetchBackoff = backoff
+
 	return c, nil
 }
 

internal/config/config_test.go

@@ -45,6 +45,9 @@ func TestLoad_AppliesDefaults(t *testing.T) {
 	if c.PollInterval != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("PollInterval = %v, want 0 (run once)", c.PollInterval)
 	}
+	if c.FetchBackoff != defaultFetchBackoff {
+		t.Errorf("FetchBackoff = %v, want default %v", c.FetchBackoff, defaultFetchBackoff)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestLoad_ParsesValues(t *testing.T) {
@@ -56,6 +59,7 @@ func TestLoad_ParsesValues(t *testing.T) {
 		"TAPIR_SUMMARIZER_TIMEOUT": "90s",
 		"TAPIR_DB_DSN":             "postgres://x",
 		"TAPIR_POLL_INTERVAL":      "10m",
+		"TAPIR_FETCH_BACKOFF":      "30m",
 	})
 
 	c, err := Load()
@@ -77,6 +81,9 @@ func TestLoad_ParsesValues(t *testing.T) {
 	if c.PollInterval != 10*time.Minute {
 		t.Errorf("PollInterval = %v, want 10m", c.PollInterval)
 	}
+	if c.FetchBackoff != 30*time.Minute {
+		t.Errorf("FetchBackoff = %v, want 30m", c.FetchBackoff)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestLoad_RejectsBadDuration(t *testing.T) {

internal/domain/domain.go

@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ type TranscriptSource string
 const (
 	SourceCaptions TranscriptSource = "captions"
 	SourceNone     TranscriptSource = "none"
+	// SourceRateLimited records that the caption endpoint returned HTTP 429.
+	// Unlike SourceNone (a permanent absence), this is a transient "retry later":
+	// the IP is rate-limited, not the video caption-less. It carries no text
+	// (HasText is false), so the engine degrades the same as SourceNone, but the
+	// runner persists it distinctly to retry after a backoff window.
+	SourceRateLimited TranscriptSource = "rate_limited"
 )
 
 // User is the Tapir-side profile. At Stage 0 there is exactly one.

internal/runner/runner.go

@@ -32,6 +32,12 @@ type VideoStore interface {
 	GetAutoSummarize(ctx context.Context, userID string) (bool, error)
 	RequestedVideoIDs(ctx context.Context, userID string) (map[string]bool, error)
 	ClearSummarizeRequested(ctx context.Context, userID, videoID string) error
+	// RateLimitedVideoIDs maps the user's still-throttled videos to when they were
+	// rate-limited, so the loop can back off without re-hitting the caption endpoint.
+	RateLimitedVideoIDs(ctx context.Context, userID string) (map[string]time.Time, error)
+	// SetTranscriptStatus records the outcome of a transcript attempt: "none",
+	// "rate_limited" (stamps the backoff clock), or "fetched".
+	SetTranscriptStatus(ctx context.Context, userID, videoID, status string) error
 }
 
 // Processor runs the core use case for a single video. *usecase.Engine
@@ -43,29 +49,51 @@ type Processor interface {
 // Runner walks a user's subscriptions, persists each candidate video, skips the
 // ones already summarized (durably), and processes the rest through the engine.
 type Runner struct {
-	src    ports.VideoSource
+	src     ports.VideoSource
-	store  VideoStore
+	store   VideoStore
-	engine Processor
+	engine  Processor
-	userID string
+	userID  string
-	log    *slog.Logger
+	log     *slog.Logger
+	backoff time.Duration    // rate-limit retry window; 0 = always retry
+	now     func() time.Time // injectable clock (tests); defaults to time.Now
 }
 
+// Option configures a Runner at construction. Variadic so existing call sites
+// stay valid as new knobs (backoff, clock) are added.
+type Option func(*Runner)
+
+// WithBackoff sets the rate-limit retry window. A video that returned HTTP 429 is
+// skipped (no caption fetch) until this much time has passed; 0 = always retry.
+func WithBackoff(d time.Duration) Option { return func(r *Runner) { r.backoff = d } }
+
+// WithClock overrides the clock used for backoff comparisons. Tests inject a
+// fixed time; production leaves the time.Now default.
+func WithClock(now func() time.Time) Option { return func(r *Runner) { r.now = now } }
+
 // New builds a Runner. A nil logger falls back to slog.Default.
-func New(src ports.VideoSource, store VideoStore, engine Processor, userID string, log *slog.Logger) *Runner {
+func New(src ports.VideoSource, store VideoStore, engine Processor, userID string, log *slog.Logger, opts ...Option) *Runner {
 	if log == nil {
 		log = slog.Default()
 	}
-	return &Runner{src: src, store: store, engine: engine, userID: userID, log: log}
+	r := &Runner{src: src, store: store, engine: engine, userID: userID, log: log, now: time.Now}
+	for _, opt := range opts {
+		opt(r)
+	}
+	if r.now == nil {
+		r.now = time.Now
+	}
+	return r
 }
 
 // Stats summarizes one RunOnce pass.
 type Stats struct {
-	Candidates    int
+	Candidates         int
-	Summarized    int
+	Summarized         int
-	SkippedSeen   int
+	SkippedSeen        int
-	SkippedNoText int
+	SkippedNoText      int
-	SkippedManual int // discovered but not queued, in manual mode
+	SkippedManual      int // discovered but not queued, in manual mode
-	Errors        int
+	SkippedRateLimited int // 429'd previously and still inside the backoff window
+	Errors             int
 }
 
 // RunOnce performs a single pass over the user's subscriptions. Per-item errors
@@ -104,6 +132,18 @@ func (r *Runner) RunOnce(ctx context.Context) (Stats, error) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Rate-limit backoff: videos that 429'd on a prior pass, mapped to when. Inside
+	// the backoff window they are skipped before any caption fetch, so a throttled
+	// IP is not hammered. Loaded once per pass (like seen/requested). Disabled when
+	// backoff <= 0 ("always retry").
+	var rateLimited map[string]time.Time
+	if r.backoff > 0 {
+		rateLimited, err = r.store.RateLimitedVideoIDs(ctx, r.userID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return stats, fmt.Errorf("runner: load rate-limited videos: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	subs, err := r.src.ListSubscriptions(ctx, r.userID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return stats, fmt.Errorf("runner: list subscriptions: %w", err)
@@ -142,6 +182,15 @@ func (r *Runner) RunOnce(ctx context.Context) (Stats, error) {
 				continue
 			}
 
+			// Still inside the rate-limit backoff window: skip without fetching, so
+			// we don't re-hit a caption endpoint that just 429'd us. After the window
+			// expires the video falls through and is retried normally.
+			if at, ok := rateLimited[id]; ok && r.now().Sub(at) < r.backoff {
+				stats.SkippedRateLimited++
+				r.log.Info("skipped video (rate-limited, backing off)", "video", v.ProviderVideoID, "title", v.Title)
+				continue
+			}
+
 			if fetchDelay > 0 {
 				time.Sleep(fetchDelay)
 			}
@@ -152,11 +201,28 @@ func (r *Runner) RunOnce(ctx context.Context) (Stats, error) {
 				continue
 			}
 			switch {
+			case res.Skipped && res.TranscriptSource == string(domain.SourceRateLimited):
+				// Fresh 429 this pass: persist rate_limited (stamps the backoff clock)
+				// so the next pass skips it until the window expires.
+				stats.SkippedRateLimited++
+				if err := r.store.SetTranscriptStatus(ctx, r.userID, id, "rate_limited"); err != nil {
+					errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("set rate_limited status %q: %w", v.ProviderVideoID, err))
+					stats.Errors++
+				}
+				r.log.Info("skipped video (rate-limited)", "video", v.ProviderVideoID, "title", v.Title)
 			case res.Skipped:
 				stats.SkippedNoText++
+				if err := r.store.SetTranscriptStatus(ctx, r.userID, id, "none"); err != nil {
+					errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("set none status %q: %w", v.ProviderVideoID, err))
+					stats.Errors++
+				}
 				r.log.Info("skipped video (no transcript)", "video", v.ProviderVideoID, "title", v.Title)
 			case res.Summary != nil:
 				stats.Summarized++
+				if err := r.store.SetTranscriptStatus(ctx, r.userID, id, "fetched"); err != nil {
+					errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("set fetched status %q: %w", v.ProviderVideoID, err))
+					stats.Errors++
+				}
 				// In manual mode the video was processed because it was queued;
 				// clear the flag so it is not re-summarized and the UI drops the
 				// "Queued" chip. (Auto mode never sets the flag.)
@@ -184,7 +250,8 @@ func (r *Runner) Loop(ctx context.Context, interval time.Duration) error {
 		r.log.Info("run pass complete",
 			"candidates", stats.Candidates, "summarized", stats.Summarized,
 			"skipped_seen", stats.SkippedSeen, "skipped_no_text", stats.SkippedNoText,
-			"skipped_manual", stats.SkippedManual, "errors", stats.Errors)
+			"skipped_manual", stats.SkippedManual, "skipped_rate_limited", stats.SkippedRateLimited,
+			"errors", stats.Errors)
 		if err != nil {
 			r.log.Warn("run pass had errors", "err", err)
 		}

internal/runner/runner_test.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"log/slog"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
@@ -43,11 +44,13 @@ func (f *fakeSource) FetchTranscript(_ context.Context, v domain.Video) (domain.
 // auto controls the summarization mode; requested is the manual-mode queue keyed
 // by store id; cleared records the ids whose queue flag the runner reset.
 type fakeStore struct {
-	seen      map[string]bool
+	seen        map[string]bool
-	upserted  []domain.Video
+	upserted    []domain.Video
-	auto      bool
+	auto        bool
-	requested map[string]bool
+	requested   map[string]bool
-	cleared   []string
+	cleared     []string
+	rateLimited map[string]time.Time // id -> when 429'd (seeds the backoff window)
+	statuses    map[string]string    // id -> last SetTranscriptStatus value
 }
 
 func (f *fakeStore) UpsertVideo(_ context.Context, v domain.Video) (string, error) {
@@ -80,6 +83,22 @@ func (f *fakeStore) ClearSummarizeRequested(_ context.Context, _, videoID string
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (f *fakeStore) RateLimitedVideoIDs(_ context.Context, _ string) (map[string]time.Time, error) {
+	cp := make(map[string]time.Time, len(f.rateLimited))
+	for k, v := range f.rateLimited {
+		cp[k] = v
+	}
+	return cp, nil
+}
+
+func (f *fakeStore) SetTranscriptStatus(_ context.Context, _, videoID, status string) error {
+	if f.statuses == nil {
+		f.statuses = map[string]string{}
+	}
+	f.statuses[videoID] = status
+	return nil
+}
+
 type fakeSummarizer struct{}
 
 func (fakeSummarizer) Summarize(_ context.Context, v domain.Video, _ domain.Transcript) (domain.Summary, error) {
@@ -207,6 +226,62 @@ func TestRunOnce_ManualMode_ProcessesRequested(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"id-v1"}, st.cleared, "the queue flag is cleared after summarizing")
 }
 
+// noFetchSource fails the test if a transcript fetch happens — used to prove the
+// runner skips a rate-limited video before touching the caption endpoint.
+type noFetchSource struct{ *fakeSource }
+
+func (noFetchSource) FetchTranscript(context.Context, domain.Video) (domain.Transcript, error) {
+	panic("FetchTranscript must not be called for a rate-limited video within the backoff window")
+}
+
+func TestRunOnce_SkipsRateLimitedWithinBackoff(t *testing.T) {
+	base := time.Date(2026, 6, 3, 12, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	src := &fakeSource{
+		subs:   []domain.Subscription{sub("chan1", "Channel One")},
+		videos: map[string][]domain.Video{"chan1": {vid("v1", "Video 1")}},
+	}
+	// v1 was rate-limited 5m ago; backoff is 1h, so it is still inside the window.
+	st := &fakeStore{
+		seen:        map[string]bool{},
+		auto:        true,
+		rateLimited: map[string]time.Time{"id-v1": base.Add(-5 * time.Minute)},
+	}
+	eng := usecase.NewEngine(noFetchSource{src}, fakeSummarizer{}, &recordingSink{})
+	r := runner.New(noFetchSource{src}, st, eng, testUser, quietLogger(),
+		runner.WithBackoff(time.Hour), runner.WithClock(func() time.Time { return base }))
+
+	stats, err := r.RunOnce(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, stats.SkippedRateLimited, "still throttled -> skipped")
+	require.Equal(t, 0, stats.Summarized)
+	require.Empty(t, st.statuses, "no status write: the engine was never invoked")
+}
+
+func TestRunOnce_RetriesRateLimitedAfterBackoff(t *testing.T) {
+	base := time.Date(2026, 6, 3, 12, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	src := &fakeSource{
+		subs:   []domain.Subscription{sub("chan1", "Channel One")},
+		videos: map[string][]domain.Video{"chan1": {vid("v1", "Video 1")}},
+	}
+	// v1 was rate-limited 2h ago; backoff is 1h, so the window has expired.
+	st := &fakeStore{
+		seen:        map[string]bool{},
+		auto:        true,
+		rateLimited: map[string]time.Time{"id-v1": base.Add(-2 * time.Hour)},
+	}
+	sink := &recordingSink{}
+	eng := usecase.NewEngine(src, fakeSummarizer{}, sink)
+	r := runner.New(src, st, eng, testUser, quietLogger(),
+		runner.WithBackoff(time.Hour), runner.WithClock(func() time.Time { return base }))
+
+	stats, err := r.RunOnce(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, stats.SkippedRateLimited, "window expired -> not skipped")
+	require.Equal(t, 1, stats.Summarized, "the video is retried and summarized")
+	require.Len(t, sink.delivered, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "fetched", st.statuses["id-v1"], "status advances to fetched on success")
+}
+
 func TestRunOnce_UpsertsEveryCandidate(t *testing.T) {
 	src := &fakeSource{
 		subs:   []domain.Subscription{sub("chan1", "Channel One")},

internal/usecase/engine.go

@@ -44,8 +44,13 @@ func NewEngine(src ports.VideoSource, ai ports.Summarizer, sinks ...ports.Sink)
 type ProcessResult struct {
 	Video   domain.Video
 	Skipped bool
-	Reason  string          // set when Skipped (e.g. "no transcript")
+	Reason  string // set when Skipped (e.g. "no transcript")
-	Summary *domain.Summary // nil when Skipped
+	// TranscriptSource is how the transcript resolved (or that there was none):
+	// the domain.TranscriptSource value as a string. The runner reads it to tell a
+	// permanent absence (SourceNone) from a transient 429 (SourceRateLimited) and
+	// persist the right transcript_status. Empty when a fetch error short-circuits.
+	TranscriptSource string
+	Summary          *domain.Summary // nil when Skipped
 }
 
 // ProcessNewVideo runs the core use case for a single video:
@@ -59,7 +64,9 @@ func (e *Engine) ProcessNewVideo(ctx context.Context, v domain.Video) (ProcessRe
 	if !t.HasText() {
 		// No usable transcript: record the skip, produce no summary, deliver nothing
 		// (captions-first, ADR-007; the watcher uses this to avoid reprocessing).
-		return ProcessResult{Video: v, Skipped: true, Reason: "no transcript"}, nil
+		// Surface the source so the runner separates SourceNone (permanent) from
+		// SourceRateLimited (retry after a backoff window).
+		return ProcessResult{Video: v, Skipped: true, Reason: "no transcript", TranscriptSource: string(t.Source)}, nil
 	}
 
 	sum, err := e.AI.Summarize(ctx, v, t)
@@ -76,7 +83,7 @@ func (e *Engine) ProcessNewVideo(ctx context.Context, v domain.Video) (ProcessRe
 		}
 	}
 
-	return ProcessResult{Video: v, Summary: &sum}, errors.Join(errs...)
+	return ProcessResult{Video: v, Summary: &sum, TranscriptSource: string(t.Source)}, errors.Join(errs...)
 }
 
 // ProcessNewVideos walks a user's subscriptions and processes each newly seen

internal/web/handlers.go

@@ -155,11 +155,24 @@ func (a *App) handleList(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 	rows = f.apply(rows)
 
+	// hasConnected drives the empty state: a fresh account with a connection but
+	// no `tapir run` yet has zero rows, and we want it to read "connected, run
+	// tapir" rather than "nothing here". Only needed when the list is empty.
+	hasConnected := false
+	if len(rows) == 0 {
+		conns, err := a.Store.ConnectionsForUser(r.Context(), userID)
+		if err != nil {
+			a.serverError(w, r, "connections for user", err)
+			return
+		}
+		hasConnected = len(conns) > 0
+	}
+
 	if isHTMX(r) {
-		a.render(w, r, summaryList(rows))
+		a.render(w, r, summaryList(rows, hasConnected))
 		return
 	}
-	a.render(w, r, ListPage(rows, f, takeFlash(w, r)))
+	a.render(w, r, ListPage(rows, f, takeFlash(w, r), hasConnected))
 }
 
 // handleDetail renders one summary in full (highlights, takeaways, action group).

internal/web/videocard_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package web
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"gitea.d-ma.be/mathias/tapir/internal/adapters/store"
+)
+
+func renderVideoCard(t *testing.T, r store.SummaryRow) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	var sb strings.Builder
+	if err := VideoCard(r).Render(context.Background(), &sb); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("render VideoCard: %v", err)
+	}
+	return sb.String()
+}
+
+// A rate-limited, unsummarized video shows the passive "Retrying later" badge and
+// hides the Summarize button — the user can't fix it, retry is automatic.
+func TestVideoCard_RateLimitedShowsRetryingBadge(t *testing.T) {
+	html := renderVideoCard(t, store.SummaryRow{
+		VideoID:          "aaaaaaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaaaaaaaaa",
+		Title:            "Throttled Video",
+		Summarized:       false,
+		TranscriptStatus: "rate_limited",
+	})
+
+	if !strings.Contains(html, "Retrying later") {
+		t.Errorf("expected a 'Retrying later' badge, got:\n%s", html)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(html, "chip-retry") {
+		t.Errorf("expected the passive chip-retry styling, got:\n%s", html)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(html, ">Summarize<") {
+		t.Errorf("the Summarize button must be hidden for a rate-limited video, got:\n%s", html)
+	}
+}
+
+// An ordinary unsummarized video still offers the Summarize button.
+func TestVideoCard_UnsummarizedShowsSummarize(t *testing.T) {
+	html := renderVideoCard(t, store.SummaryRow{
+		VideoID:    "aaaaaaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaaaaaaaaa",
+		Title:      "Fresh Video",
+		Summarized: false,
+	})
+
+	if !strings.Contains(html, ">Summarize<") {
+		t.Errorf("expected a Summarize button, got:\n%s", html)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(html, "Retrying later") {
+		t.Errorf("no retry badge for a non-rate-limited video, got:\n%s", html)
+	}
+}

internal/web/view.go

@@ -479,6 +479,10 @@ main { max-width: 60rem; margin: 0 auto; padding: var(--s4) var(--s3); }
 .filters input { font: inherit; padding: .4rem .55rem; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: var(--radius); background: var(--card); color: var(--fg); min-width: 9rem; }
 .filters input:focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--accent); outline-offset: 1px; border-color: var(--accent); }
 .btn { font: inherit; font-weight: 600; padding: .45rem 1rem; border: 1px solid var(--accent); border-radius: var(--radius); background: var(--accent); color: var(--accent-fg); cursor: pointer; }
+/* anchors styled as buttons: the generic a{} / a:visited{} colour rules outrank
+   .btn on <a>, painting the label accent-on-accent (invisible). Restore the
+   button foreground for anchor buttons, visited included. */
+a.btn, a.btn:visited { color: var(--accent-fg); }
 .btn:hover { filter: brightness(1.05); }
 .btn:active { transform: translateY(1px); }
 
@@ -490,6 +494,9 @@ main { max-width: 60rem; margin: 0 auto; padding: var(--s4) var(--s3); }
 .card-preview { color: var(--muted); font-size: .9rem; line-height: 1.5; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-line-clamp: 1; line-clamp: 1; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; }
 .card-foot { display: flex; gap: var(--s2); align-items: center; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: var(--s1); }
 .chip { display: inline-block; padding: .15rem .55rem; border-radius: 999px; background: var(--accent-weak); color: var(--accent); font-size: .72rem; font-weight: 600; }
+/* passive "retrying later" chip: dim/grey (CharmDim), not the accent — it is a
+   status, not an action the user can take. */
+.chip-retry { background: rgba(108, 108, 108, .16); color: #6c6c6c; }
 .card-state { color: var(--muted); font-size: .8rem; }
 .badge { display: inline-block; padding: .15rem .55rem; border-radius: 999px; background: var(--badge-bg); color: var(--badge-fg); font-size: .72rem; font-weight: 600; }
 
@@ -531,6 +538,11 @@ main { max-width: 60rem; margin: 0 auto; padding: var(--s4) var(--s3); }
 .empty { text-align: center; color: var(--muted); padding: var(--s5) var(--s4); border: 1px dashed var(--line); border-radius: var(--radius); background: var(--card); }
 .empty strong { display: block; color: var(--fg); font-size: 1.05rem; margin-bottom: var(--s2); }
 .empty code { background: var(--accent-weak); color: var(--accent); padding: .1rem .35rem; border-radius: .3rem; }
+.empty p { margin: var(--s3) 0 0; }
+/* connected-but-empty: a distinct accent callout, not a muted blank state, so a
+   fresh account knows the next step is to run tapir, not "something is broken". */
+.empty-connected { border-style: solid; border-color: var(--accent); background: var(--accent-weak); color: var(--fg); }
+.empty-connected strong { color: var(--accent); }
 
 /* flash / notification banner */
 .flash { padding: var(--s2) var(--s3); border-radius: var(--radius); margin-bottom: var(--s4); font-size: .92rem; border: 1px solid var(--line); }

internal/web/views.templ

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ templ Layout(title string) {
 		<body>
 			<header>
 				<a href="/" class="brand">Tapir</a>
-				<nav class="nav"><a href="/account">Account</a></nav>
+				<nav class="nav"><a href="/account">Account</a><a href="/auth/logout">Log out</a></nav>
 			</header>
 			<main>
 				{ children... }
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ templ WelcomePage(user User, loggedIn bool) {
 				<div class="welcome-cta">
 					<a class="btn btn-lg" href="/auth/login">Get Started</a>
 				</div>
-				<p class="welcome-sub">Already have an account? You'll go straight through.</p>
+				<p class="welcome-sub">New to Tapir? Just sign in — you'll complete a quick setup right after. Already have an account? You'll go straight through.</p>
 			}
 		</section>
 	}
@@ -79,12 +79,12 @@ templ flashBanner(code string) {
 // #summary-list region; a non-HTMX request renders the whole page. flash carries
 // a one-shot notification (e.g. "connected", "registered") surfaced on arrival
 // after a POST→redirect.
-templ ListPage(rows []store.SummaryRow, f Filter, flash string) {
+templ ListPage(rows []store.SummaryRow, f Filter, flash string, hasConnected bool) {
 	@Layout("Tapir — Summaries") {
 		@flashBanner(flash)
 		@filterForm(f)
 		<div id="summary-list">
-			@summaryList(rows)
+			@summaryList(rows, hasConnected)
 		</div>
 	}
 }
@@ -110,12 +110,20 @@ templ filterForm(f Filter) {
 // summaryList is the swappable list fragment: one card per video (summarized or
 // not). Cards reflow to a single column on mobile; an empty list shows a friendly
 // first-run state instead of a blank table.
-templ summaryList(rows []store.SummaryRow) {
+templ summaryList(rows []store.SummaryRow, hasConnected bool) {
 	if len(rows) == 0 {
-		<div class="empty">
+		if hasConnected {
-			<strong>No videos yet</strong>
+			<div class="empty empty-connected">
-			<span>Videos appear here as your subscriptions are processed — run <code>tapir run</code> to fetch them. In manual mode, use the Summarize button to queue one.</span>
+				<strong>Your YouTube account is connected!</strong>
-		</div>
+				<span>Run <code>tapir run</code> to discover your subscriptions. Videos will appear here once discovered. In manual mode, each new video gets a Summarize button.</span>
+			</div>
+		} else {
+			<div class="empty">
+				<strong>No videos yet</strong>
+				<span>Connect your YouTube account to get started.</span>
+				<p><a class="btn" href="/oauth/youtube/connect">Connect YouTube</a></p>
+			</div>
+		}
 	} else {
 		<ul class="cards">
 			for _, r := range rows {
@@ -156,6 +164,8 @@ templ VideoCard(r store.SummaryRow) {
 				if len(r.Actions) > 0 {
 					<span class="card-state">{ strings.Join(r.Actions, ", ") }</span>
 				}
+			} else if r.TranscriptStatus == "rate_limited" {
+				<span class="chip chip-retry" title="Caption fetch was rate-limited; tapir will retry automatically.">⏳ Retrying later</span>
 			} else if r.SummarizeRequested {
 				<span class="chip">Queued</span>
 				<span class="card-state muted">waiting for the next run</span>